The Pāli formulaic phrase parimukhaṃ satiṃ upaṭṭhapetvā appears throughout the Nikāyas in contexts ranging from breathing meditation to non-breathing practices and idiomatic descriptions of meditative states, yet its central term, parimukha, was never defined within the canon. The subsequent commentarial literature did not unify this semantic openness. Rather, through a cumulative process in...
Meditation-related difficulties have been systematically documented in contemporary contemplative science, yet the prescriptive resources preserved in the ancient Buddhist commentarial literature remain underutilized in comparative research. This study analyzes the case of five hundred monks in the Paramatthajotikā I’s commentary on the Karaṇīya-metta-sutta. During intensive practice, these...