R Villa

Toad in the road: Biocultural history and conservation challenges of the Sonoran Desert Toad

Journal of Psychedelic Studies November 30, 2023 R Villa 5 citations

Abstract The Sonoran Desert Toad ( Incilius alvarius ) is the only vertebrate known to produce the powerful psychedelic, 5-MeO-DMT, which is easily-accessible form the animal's exterior glands. This paper seeks to present the biocultural (ecological and cultural) history, and conservation concerns of I. alvarius . Discovery of 5-MeO-DMT in I. alvarius was first reported in 1965 and 1967...