Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis reveals distinct signatures of consciousness. Integrated EEG features, evaluated across 4 independent datasets, captured complementary dimensions of awareness. Spectral power changes tracked the loss of Consciousness during general anesthesia and Sleep. Steeper aperiodic slopes and altered connectivity effectively distinguished Disorders of consciousness like minimally conscious state from unresponsive wakefulness syndrome. Temporo-spatio-spectral analysis further identified consciousness-specific alterations in brain dynamics, providing a robust neurophysiological guideline for clinical assessment.
Post-traumatic stress disorder persists when stress biases memory systems, broadening threat engrams and weakening context-appropriate inhibition. Integrating preclinical and human evidence, the authors argue that extinction can be stabilized by engaging hippocampal-prefrontal-amygdala pathways and their thalamic coordinators. Targeted training and sleep-based reactivation strengthen top-down control over intrusions and sharpen safety-threat discrimination. Brief, prediction-error-rich retrieval opens a reconsolidation window through which maladaptive content can be updated; pairing this with state-aligned neuromodulation or psychedelic pharmacology biases plasticity toward safety. Integrating extinction reinforcement with voluntary memory control and reconsolidation editing offers a coherent route to more durable relief from traumatic memories in PTSD.