In emergency department patients with acute pain, intravenous and nebulized ketamine provide similar short-term pain relief. A randomized trial compared a single dose of 0.3 mg/kg intravenous ketamine to 0.75 mg/kg nebulized ketamine in 150 adults with pain scores of 5 or higher on a 0–10 scale. At 30 minutes, mean pain scores fell from 8.2 to 3.6 (intravenous) and 3.8 (nebulized), a difference of 0.23 points that is neither clinically nor statistically significant. No serious adverse events occurred. Both routes offer a meaningful reduction in moderate to severe acute pain without safety concerns.
Psychedelic compounds like LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and DMT can dramatically alter visual perception, but whether these visual effects consistently differ between substances is unclear. Using the large Erowid experience report dataset, researchers analyzed narrative self-reports for 103 psychoactive substances, including 30 psychedelics and 73 comparison substances. They used an AI embedding model to classify sentences describing visual effects. The proportion of visual-effect sentences varied significantly and consistently across substances, even among psychedelics. Further analysis of visual effect categories—such as movement, color, and pattern—also showed reliable variation. The findings indicate that different psychedelic substances have distinct propensities to affect vision and produce qualitatively different visual experiences.