In regular yoga practitioners, a single yoga session increased positive emotions (engagement, tranquility, revitalization) and decreased exhaustion. All measured psychological resources—mindfulness, body consciousness, self-transcendence, social connectedness, and spiritual peace—also increased and closely tracked the improved emotions. Different types of yoga sessions were associated with changes in different psychological resources. The findings suggest yoga influences multiple psychological mechanisms that enhance emotional well-being, and that specific yoga components may be optimized to target particular mechanisms like mindfulness or spirituality.
Yoga interventions vary across multiple dimensions that may influence health outcomes through different mechanisms, yet most studies fail to adequately describe these components. To address this, the Essential Properties of Yoga Questionnaire (EPYQ) was developed to characterize interventions. Reliability and validity data from the final phases of the project identified fourteen key dimensions: acceptance/compassion, bandhas, body awareness, breathwork, instructor mention of health benefits, individual attention, meditation and mindfulness, mental and emotional awareness, physicality, active postures, restorative postures, social aspects, spirituality, and yoga philosophy. The EPYQ demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and evidence supports its validity. Currently, trained objective raters should score interventions to avoid bias, but alternative approaches may be developed. The measure enables linking specific yoga dimensions to health outcomes and optimizing intervention design.
Individually delivered mantram repetition therapy, a non-trauma-focused complementary treatment, was generally more effective than present-centered therapy for reducing PTSD symptom severity and insomnia in a sample of 173 veterans with military-related PTSD. In a two-site, open-allocation, blinded-assessment randomized trial, the mantram group showed significantly greater improvements in clinician-rated PTSD symptoms at posttreatment and at a 2-month follow-up, and more mantram participants (59%) no longer met PTSD criteria at follow-up compared with the present-centered therapy group (40%). Self-reported PTSD symptoms were lower in the mantram group at posttreatment but not at follow-up. Insomnia reductions were significantly greater for the mantram group at both time points.