This paper reviews biophysical models of psychotherapeutic change based on synergetics and the free energy principle. These models suggest that introducing sensory surprise into the patient-therapist system can lead to self-organization and the formation of new attractor states, disrupting entrenched patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours. We propose that the therapist can facilitate...
Dissociative experiences are considered undesirable ketamine's adverse events. However, they might be crucial for ketamine's antidepressant effects, at least in some depression subtypes. Current understandings of ketamine's therapeutic potentials converge on the so-called "relaxed prior hypothesis," suggesting that glutamatergic blockage up-weights bottom-up surprising somatosensory/affective...