Contemplative Listening in EFL: Applying the Vedic Sravana-Manana Nididhyasana Model
Far Western Journal of Education September 1, 2026 Hari Prasad Sapkota
This conceptual article proposes a pedagogical model for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) listening instruction grounded in the Vedic learning tradition of t i sravana (attentive listening), manana (reflective contemplation), and nididhyasana (deep meditation and internalization). Although EFL pedagogy in the modern world focuses on bottom-up and top-down processing theories, the models do...