Understanding the concept of ma’rifa within the framework of Sufi mysticism requires a thorough reading of the spiritual journey in the quest for divine knowledge and unity with the Divine. In the traditional Islamic context, 'ilm (knowledge) implies religious knowledge, whereas in the Quran, the term “ilm” refers to God's own understanding, which includes both the visible and hidden aspects of...
The Romantic era was a rethink of the English heroism: a transformation of the traditional, civic, action-oriented hero of the classical and neoclassical traditions into a new model, based on inner experience, self-consciousness, and imaginative transformation. This study examines that shift through two seminal long poems of the era, William Wordsworth's The Prelude (1805/1850) and Lord Byron's...