Introduction Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) is a major clinical challenge, affecting about 30% of patients with major depressive disorder. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality, reflected in increased suicide risk, hospitalizations, and impaired quality of life. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) remains the therapeutic gold standard, particularly in severe cases with psychotic...
European PsychiatryApril 1, 2025C. Pinheiro Ramos, A. F. Reis, C. Batista et al.
IntroductionNitrous oxide (N2O) was first discovered in 1772 by Joseph Priestley. Since its anesthetic properties were realized in 1844, it has been used in the medical and dental fields. Nitrous oxide is also known as “laughing gas” or “nos”.Recent literature suggests that studying N2O is important, not only for understanding the pathophysiology of bipolar depression but also for exploring its...