Transpersonal psychology should develop empirical research on transpersonal practices. Self-actualisation, peak experience, and flow have been studied mainly with psychometrics, but these concepts have theoretical and methodological problems. Maslow's concept of self-transcendence, characterized by the plateau experience, offers an alternative for future research but has remained obscure for forty years. This paper advocates further study of the plateau experience by first defining it, then developing a plateau experience psychometric (PLEX), and using the PLEX in a validation study on the effects of shinrin-yoku (forest air breathing/bathing).
This paper critiques the current definition of transpersonal psychology and proposes a new understanding by drawing on a Taoist metaphor. It argues that transpersonal psychology is fluid and formless, like water, and that its nature cannot be fixed by any single definition. The author suggests that transpersonal psychologists should continue to use the term while allowing its meaning to evolve individually, as the ultimate truth lies beyond any definition.
Transgender individuals are more likely to engage with spirituality than with organized religion, yet research on this topic is scarce. Given the high rates of personal distress and suicide risk in this population, effective support is needed. The authors argue that existential crises may be addressed through spirituality, noting that several cultures associate transgender identity with spiritual roles. This paper examines transgender and spiritual identity across cultures, reviews research in secular societies, and evaluates models that could provide spiritual support to integrate mind-body dysphoria by engaging the spirit.