JAMA Psychiatry
June 5, 2019
Ella Daly, Madhukar H. Trivedi, Adam Janik et al.
766 citations
For adults with treatment-resistant depression who achieved stable remission or response after 16 weeks of esketamine nasal spray plus an oral antidepressant, continuing esketamine plus the antidepressant delayed relapse significantly more than switching to placebo plus the antidepressant. Among those in stable remission, 26.7% relapsed on esketamine versus 45.3% on placebo, a 51% reduction in relapse risk. Among stable responders, 25.8% relapsed on esketamine versus 57.6% on placebo, a 70% reduction. Common side effects of esketamine included transient taste disturbance, vertigo, dissociation, drowsiness, and dizziness.
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
May 11, 2020
Dong-Jing Fu, Dawn F. Ionescu, Xiang Li et al.
367 citations
In adults hospitalized for major depressive disorder with active suicidal thoughts, adding esketamine nasal spray to standard treatment (antidepressants and hospitalization) reduced depression symptoms more than placebo plus standard treatment within 24 hours, with benefits persisting over four weeks. The difference in suicidal ideation severity between groups was not statistically significant. Common side effects of esketamine included dizziness, dissociation, headache, nausea, and drowsiness.
Human Psychopharmacology
November 5, 2021
Hang Li, Yi Zhong, Siyuan Yang et al.
7 citations
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) produces pronounced subjective drug effects, increases blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature, and causes side effects in healthy individuals, according to a meta-analysis of existing studies. The analysis quantifies the magnitude of these physiological and psychological responses, supporting the renewed interest in using LSD in psychiatric research and therapy.
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
January 1, 2026
Lihua Yang, Shuang Wu, Jiale Liu et al.
The roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans serves as a useful complementary model for studying drug-induced behavioral adaptation due to its simple nervous system, genetic tractability, and quantifiable behaviors. This review covers recent work on opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, ketamine, ethanol, nicotine, and depressants using paradigms such as conditioned cue preference, swimming-induced paralysis, tolerance assays, withdrawal-like responses, chemotaxis, and locomotor adaptation. Mechanisms discussed include dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, GABA-mediated, neuropeptidergic, ion-channel, oxidative-stress, transcriptional, and epigenetic pathways. Limitations include the lack of mammalian reward-circuit complexity, nematode-specific pharmacokinetics, cuticle permeability, and limited translational validation. The authors propose C. elegans is best used as a mechanistic and screening-level model to identify conserved pathways needing further validation in mammals.