Contemplation in Two Muslim Countries: A Comparative Qualitative Study in Türkiye and Bosnia-Herzegovina
Ilahiyat Studies June 30, 2026 Esra İrk, Ümran Erkorkmaz Çoban, Elif Çağlayan et al.
Contemplation (tafakkur) is perceived not only as a mental activity but also as a multi-layered process encompassing existential and religious dimensions among Muslim participants in Türkiye and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Turkish participants predominantly associated contemplation with positive emotions, while those from Bosnia and Herzegovina reported experiencing both positive and negative emotions simultaneously. In both cultures, contemplation increases individual awareness, strengthens psychological resilience, and contributes to meaning-making processes. The practice supports spiritual well-being and is viewed as an important part of religious life. Despite cultural differences, contemplation essentially possesses a constructive and transformative function.