Frontal Electroencephalography Asymmetry and Desynchronized Functional Connectivity Associated with Long-Term and Short-Term Breathing Training
Mindfulness January 1, 2026 Hei-Yin Hydra Ng, Ai-Ling Hsu, Wu Cc et al.
Long-term breathing training (8-week mindfulness program) reduces delta and alpha functional connectivity in the left frontal region, while short-term breath counting reduces gamma functional connectivity in the same region. These patterns suggest that breathing practices engage approach-motivation emotion regulation, as indicated by left frontal asymmetry. The findings support the use of both long-term training and brief digital interventions for emotion regulation. Study 1 involved 31 participants; Study 2 involved 51 participants using a virtual reality platform.