To evaluate the clinical efficacy of body scan mindfulness training as an intervention for patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). This randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial enrolled patients with BMS who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were assigned to a control group or an intervention group using a random number table. The control group received...
Consciousness spans macroscopic experience and microscopic neuronal activity, yet linking these scales remains challenging. Prevailing theories, such as Integrated Information Theory, focus on a single scale, overlooking how causal power and its dynamics unfold across scales. Progress is constrained by scarce cross-scale data and difficulties in quantifying multiscale causality and dynamics....
Background: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain disorder affecting the oral mucosa, often accompanied by psychological comorbidities. Higher levels of mindfulness have been associated with reduced pain and fewer emotional symptoms in some chronic pain conditions, but its role in BMS remains inadequately explored. Methods: 146 patients diagnosed with BMS, according to the...