Cultural Integration in Meditation Technology
Jiawen Zhang
Figshare November 24, 2025 DOI: 10.25394/pgs.30695627 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Mixed-methods co-design and empirical testing study Qualitative Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 34 |
| Population | Meditation app users (34 participants for empirical testing); six meditation experts for consultation |
| Measures | State Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SSCS-L), System Usability Scale (SUS) |
| Topics | Meditation |
| Key points | The co-developed mandala-based loving-kindness meditation platform produced statistically significant increases in state self-compassion (SSCS-L: 9.99 to 11.21, p<.001, d=0.98) across measures of self-judgment, over-identifying, and isolation, with average system usability score of 73.9. The authors argue that cultural integration is an actionable approach to improving digital meditation technologies, though one individual showed 75% score variation, indicating a need for adaptive guidance. |
Abstract
While digital meditation applications are now common, users routinely struggle with engagement and sustained practice. This paper discusses how a traditional cultural practice (mandala-making) could inform digital loving-kindness meditation (LKM) practice. Through a four-phase mixed-methods research methodology utilizing literature review, expert consultation, iterative design, and empirical testing, this study co-developed and assessed a new meditation platform. This platform provides a ritual structure aligned to Tibetan mandala practice, infused within a compassion-cultivating framework (LKM). The study engaged six meditation experts to draw upon their practice and identify key elements to consider when co-developing a meditation platform. The experts highlighted the importance of: 1) preserving the entire ritual cycle, 2) maintaining culturally authentic symbolism, and 3) providing tactile, embodied interaction. The final prototype guides users through four varieties of expanding compassion lenses while creating digital sand mandalas, arriving at symbolic release through dissolution, representing the act of releasing loving-kindness into the world. Following the development cycle, 34 participants were recruited to conduct empirical testing of the platform. Results yielded statistically significant increases in state self-compassion (SSCS-L: 9.99 → 11.21, p<.001, d=0.98), on average, across measures of self-judgment, over-identifying, and feelings of isolation. The average system usability scale score (73.9) met or exceeded industry comparisons. However, one individual observed a 75% variation in scores, indicating that adaptive guidance is needed. The qualitative analysis showed that participants enjoyed the opportunity for creative expression through mandala-making and expressive emotional release through dissolution along with the structured road to compassion most. Collectively, these findings support cultural integration as an actionable approach to improving digital meditation technologies by demonstrating that meaningful points of convergence between ancient practices and more contemporary platforms can lead to more visceral, fruitful, and accessible forms of contemplation. The study adds to our understanding of how ancient wisdom traditions may still be meaningfully communicated and transformed to offer digital approaches while holding onto their transformative possibilities.
Comparable studies
Other qualitative studies on meditation, most cited first.