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Perspectives for a nomothetic science of consciousness: from the evidential paradigm to causal structure

Lorenzo Murace

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) May 1, 2026 preprint DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22090076 (opens in new tab)

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AI-extracted from the abstract
Characteristics Theoretical or philosophical paper
Key points Argues that the demand for a technical-scientific answer to the problem of consciousness is constitutively inadequate for subjective data, and proposes an epistemological approach based on the "evidential paradigm" and a rhizomatic vision of knowledge to move toward a nomothetic science of consciousness. Identifies Integrated Information Theory (IIT) as the most promising theoretical candidate for mathematically formalizing the phenomenological clue of intrinsic cause-effect power.

Abstract

The inquiry into the nature of consciousness, rooted in the Western philosophical tradition, today runs upagainst an unresolved tension between the need for a physical foundation and the persistence of an Explanatory Gap between functional description and phenomenal experience. The present essay briefly retraces thehistorical evolution of the problem in order to show how the demand for an answer in technical-scientific termscame to impose itself, despite the constitutive inadequacy that such terms display in accommodating data of asubjective nature. In order to overcome the theoretical impasse, we propose the adoption of an epistemological approach founded on the “evidential paradigm” and on a rhizomatic vision of knowledge, suited to movingwithin the borderland between the physical sciences and phenomenology. The aim is a transition towards anomothetic science of consciousness. From this perspective, Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is identified asthe most promising theoretical candidate, capable of formalising mathematically the fundamental phenomenological clue of intrinsic cause-effect power. DISCLAIMER: The present work was written as an essay for a course by prof. Matteo Cerri at Collegio Superiore, it was not peer-reviewed, and is published here with the intent of sharing thoughts. Feedback for imorovement is very much welcome! L’indagine sulla natura della coscienza, radicata nella tradizione filosofica occidentale, si scontra oggi conuna tensione irrisolta tra la necessità di una fondazione fisica e la persistenza di un Explanatory Gap tra descrizione funzionale ed esperienza fenomenica. Il presente elaborato ripercorre brevemente l’evoluzione storicadel problema per evidenziare come si sia imposta l’esigenza di una risposta in termini tecnico-scientifici, nonostante l’inadeguatezza costitutiva che questi presentano nell’accogliere dati di natura soggettiva. Per superarel’impasse teorica, si propone l’adozione di un approccio epistemologico fondato sul «paradigma indiziario» esu una visione rizomatica del sapere, funzionale a muoversi nella terra di confine tra scienze fisiche e fenomenologia. L’obiettivo è la transizione verso una scienza della coscienza di tipo nomotetico. In questa prospettiva,la Integrated Information Theory (IIT) viene identificata come il candidato teorico più promettente, capace diformalizzare matematicamente l’indizio fenomenologico fondamentale del potere causale intrinseco.