Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Ketamine and Esketamine Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder.
Michael Liu, Rachel Branning, Austin Lee, David C. Kaelber, Keming Gao
Psychiatric Services June 25, 2025 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20240559 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Observational cohort Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 861,179 |
| Population | Patients diagnosed with moderate-to-severe recurrent major depressive disorder |
| Interventions | Intravenous ketamine Intranasal esketamine |
| Topics | Depression Esketamine Ketamine |
| Keywords | Racial-ethnic disparities Unequal access Healthcare disparities Racial inequality Ethnic inequality Minority health Advanced antidepressants Mental health treatments Psychiatric medication Severe depression Mental illness Mood disorders Psychiatric conditions |
| Citations | 2 |
| Key findings | Ketamine and esketamine utilization for major depressive disorder showed significant racial-ethnic disparities, with lower use among Black, Hispanic, and Asian patients for ketamine and lower use among Black patients for esketamine. |
Abstract
This study sought to investigate racial-ethnic disparities in the utilization of intravenous ketamine and intranasal esketamine therapy for major depressive disorder. The TriNetX platform was used to identify 861,179 patients diagnosed as having moderate-to-severe recurrent major depressive disorder between January 2019 and October 2024. Patients were divided into non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian, and Hispanic cohorts. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to match minority cohorts with White patients. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to compare ketamine and esketamine utilization across racial-ethnic groups. After PSM, the authors found that ketamine was prescribed at lower rates among Black (RR=0.75, 95% CI=0.72-0.78), Hispanic (RR=0.71, 95% CI=0.68-0.75), and Asian (RR=0.65, 95% CI=0.57-0.75) patients compared with White patients. Esketamine was utilized at lower rates among Black patients (RR=0.74, 95% CI=0.62-0.88) and at higher rates among Hispanic patients (RR=1.45, 95% CI=1.24-1.69), whereas Asian patients showed no significant difference. Within-group comparison among Black and White patients found that individuals who received ketamine or esketamine in both cohorts had more comorbid general medical and psychiatric conditions than those who did not. Significant racial-ethnic disparities exist in the utilization of ketamine and esketamine therapies for major depressive disorder, particularly affecting Black patients. Future research should investigate the underlying causes of these disparities and develop strategies to ensure equitable access to ketamine and esketamine for all patients with major depressive disorder.
Comparable studies
Other observational and cohort studies on esketamine for depression, most cited first.
Citations in the library
Cites 5
- Synthesizing the Evidence for Ketamine and Esketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression: An International Expert Opinion on the Available Evidence and Implementation American Journal of Psychiatry March 17, 2021
- Ketamine versus ECT for Nonpsychotic Treatment-Resistant Major Depression. New England Journal of Medicine May 24, 2023
- Ketamine for the treatment of major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis EClinicalMedicine August 1, 2023
- Ethnoracial Inclusion in Clinical Trials of Ketamine in the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs July 1, 2022
- Suicidal ideation following ketamine prescription in patients with recurrent major depressive disorder: a nation-wide cohort study. Translational Psychiatry August 9, 2024