The implementation of trauma-sensitive mindfulness by an educational psychologist to address post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of war-traumatised refugees including children, parents, teachers and medical students

Background: More than 5.6 million Syrians have fled the country as refugees, and another 6.2 million people have been displaced within Syria (World Vision, 2018), creating the largest refugee and displacement crisis of our time.Research provided by Refugee Health (2011) reported that before being forced to flee, refugees may experience imprisonment, torture, loss of property, malnutrition, physical assault, extreme fear, rape and loss of livelihood, with traumatic experiences that can last days or yearsObjective: The study aimed to investigate how Trauma-Sensitive Mindfulness (TSM) can be used to address Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) for war-traumatised refugees.Method: The study utilised retrospective case studies for comparison of the data from four case studies reflecting the implementation of TSM to address PTSD experienced by war-traumatised refugees.Results: A content analysis discusses the adapted techniques of TSM.These include aspects of: breathing meditation; understanding the difference between feelings and thoughts; staying centred through the feelings of grief; faucet breathing; slow diaphragmatic breathing; "Star" breathing for children; selfawareness; self-regulation; awareness of thoughts & feelings; mindful breathing to regulate sensations of panic; processing trauma through trauma-sensitive mindfulness; and psychoeducation to understand mindfulness

Conclusion: Overall, the study findings show how TSM can be adapted and used effectively and ethically to support war traumatised refugees in the treatment of PTSD.