Network-Matched tDCS During Mindfulness Training: A Falsifiable Framework Across Focused Attention, Open Monitoring, and Compassion

Abstract

We propose a falsifiable framework in which the benefit of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during contemplative training depends on the practice being performed. Focused attention (FA), open monitoring (OM), and loving-kindness/compassion (LK) engage overlapping networks with potentially different functional emphases. We hypothesize that FA benefits more from a left-dorsolateral-prefrontal candidate montage and OM from a right-inferior-frontal candidate montage, provisionally associated with executive-control and salience-network processes, respectively. These mappings require physiological validation. Existing pairing studies support feasibility and suggest mixed augmentation effects; they do not establish practice-specific matching. The largest identified factorial trial did not detect an advantage over stimulation alone and was not powered to resolve synergy. We specify a six-cell practice-by-stimulation design (FA or OM crossed with F3, F8, or sham) and three no-practice component-control cells. The primary matching test requires evidence for both directional advantages: F3 over F8 during FA and F8 over F3 during OM. A positive interaction contrast alone is insufficient. Augmentation against sham, superadditivity, physiological target selectivity, practice-dependent modulation, and persistence after treatment are evaluated as separate claims. Individualized field modeling and physiological measurements determine whether the candidate montages engage distinguishable targets. We distinguish evidence directness from certainty, provide an illustrative trial specification, and define supportive, contradictory, equivalent, and inconclusive outcomes. The LK/lateral-orbitofrontal pairing remains exploratory pending anatomical and physiological validation. The framework is a program of research hypotheses rather than a validated intervention.