Esketamine and Ketamine use in the Adolescent Population for Treatment Resistent Depression: A Systematic Review
G. Chen, Y. Li
European Psychiatry April 1, 2025 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.1310 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Systematic review Randomized Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Population | Youth aged 14-23 with treatment-resistant mood disorders, including treatment-resistant depression (with and without psychotic features) and bipolar disorder |
| Interventions | Ketamine Esketamine SSRIs |
| Topics | Depression Esketamine Ketamine |
| Key findings | The authors report that IV ketamine reduced depressive symptoms in adolescents with treatment-resistant depression in a randomized, midazolam-controlled trial, with mild side effects such as dissociation and no serious adverse events or misuse. They also state that esketamine combined with SSRIs improves depressive symptoms in TRD patients regardless of anxiety status. |
Abstract
IntroductionKetamine is widely recognized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, particularly in procedural sedation and severe pain management among children, adolescents, and young adults. Despite its noted applications, research investigating ketamine’s impact on mood and suicidality within this specific demographic remains limited. This retrospective review seeks to address this gap by characterizing ketamine usage and psychiatric comorbidities in Treatment-resistant depression (TRD).ObjectivesThis review aims to provide an initial assessment of the safety and efficacy of esketamine in adolescents suffering from TRD with concurrent comorbidities such as GAD and SUD, and infer common drug-drug interactions that may arise from utilizing esketamine in adolescents. This preliminary overview will contribute valuable insights toward optimizing treatment strategies for this vulnerable population.MethodsThis systematic review evaluates the evidence for ketamine use in children with treatment-resistant mood disorders. Two to four authors independently screened studies and extracted data on safety, tolerability, and efficacy. We searched two electronic databases for English-language studies on the therapeutic effects and side effect profiles of ketamine in youth aged 14-23 with treatment-resistant mood disorders, including those with treatment-resistant depression (with and without psychotic features) and bipolar disorder.ResultsRecent studies, including a randomized, midazolam-controlled trial, indicate that IV ketamine can effectively reduce depressive symptoms in adolescents with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), with mild and manageable side effects like dissociation. No serious adverse events or instances of misuse were reported.ConclusionsIn conclusion, esketamine has demonstrated effectiveness in treating treatment-resistant depression. Additionally, when combined with SSRIs, esketamine improves depressive symptoms in TRD patients, irrespective of their anxiety status. These findings highlight the potential of esketamine as a valuable treatment option for this challenging patient population. Future research will focus on optimizing dosing, exploring complementary therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and identifying biomarkers for response, while considering the unique risks to the developing adolescent brain.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Comparable studies
Other systematic reviews and meta-analyses on esketamine for depression, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Comparative efficacy of racemic ketamine and esketamine for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis Adults with unipolar or bipolar major depression | 2020 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | n = 1,877 |
| The acute antisuicidal effects of single-dose intravenous ketamine and intranasal esketamine in individuals with major depression and bipolar disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Participants in randomized controlled trials of ketamine for suicidal ideation | 2020 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | n = 197 |
| Efficacy of Esketamine Augmentation in Major Depressive Disorder Patients with major depressive disorder who are treatment-resistant or acutely suicidal | 2020 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | n = 774 |
| Esketamine Treatment for Depression in Adults: A PRISMA Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder | 2025 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | |
| EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF RACEMIC KETAMINE AND ESKETAMINE FOR DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS Adults with unipolar or bipolar major depression | 2022 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | n = 2,903 |