Direct versus indirect suggestions: a conceptual and methodological review.
The International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis April 1993 DOI: 10.1080/00207149308414543 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Review Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Key findings | The review concludes that suggestion style has little effect on objective responding to hypnotic test items, contrary to Ericksonian views. Although studies of clinical and laboratory pain and subjective experience are contradictory, the best-controlled studies do not indicate that indirect suggestions are superior to direct ones. Evidence is insufficient to conclude that hypnotizability level and suggestion wording interact. |
Abstract
The article reviews the literature on the effects of direct versus indirect hypnotic suggestions. A conceptual and methodological analysis of direct versus indirect suggestions is also provided. Three conclusions follow from the review: (a) Contrary to views of Ericksonian hypnotists, suggestion style has little effect on objective responding to hypnotic test items; (b) studies of clinical- and laboratory-induced pain and other measures of subjective experience have yielded contradictory results--however, the best controlled studies have not indicated that indirect suggestions are superior to direct suggestions; and (c) there is insufficient evidence to conclude that hypnotizability level and suggestion wording interact, such that low hypnotizable subjects are particularly responsive to indirect suggestions. Methodological and conceptual problems in defining and studying hypnotic communications, the lack of rigorous experimental controls, and research issues and directions are highlighted.