Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on the mental health of adolescent girls and young women: Scoping literature review

Abstract

Adolescents are experiencing rising rates of stress, anxiety, and depression worldwide. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have emerged as promising, low-cost strategies for improving mental health outcomes during this critical developmental period. Despite growing interest in mindfulness-based interventions, no recent review has synthesized evidence on their mental health effects among adolescent girls and young women, who experience disproportionately high rates of internalizing symptoms. This scoping review examined 21 studies evaluating the effects of MBIs on stress, anxiety, depression, emotion regulation, and overall well-being among adolescent girls and young women. The studies were analyzed by intervention type, study design, population characteristics, and outcomes. Findings showed MBIs consistently reduced stress, anxiety and depression, with strong effects among high-risk and trauma-exposed youth. Several studies reported greater gains in emotional regulation and well-being for girls than boys, and most mixed-gender studies formally tested gender as a moderator; findings on engagement and adherence were more mixed. Culturally adapted and somatic-based MBIs, such as mindfulness yoga, emerged as especially effective in improving accessibility and impact. Across the literature, outcomes varied based on gender, trauma history, intervention duration, and cultural relevance. Overall, our findings suggest that MBIs demonstrate strong potential for enhancing adolescent mental health, for girls and young women. To maximize effectiveness, gender-responsive, trauma-informed, and culturally tailored approaches are essential. Future research should aim to identify the mechanisms of change underlying MBIs, integrate neurobiological measures, and improve inclusivity through diverse samples and long-term follow-up. These findings support expanding access to mindfulness in schools and community settings as part of broader prevention and early intervention strategies with lasting impacts.