From Brain to Buddha: Integroception as a transtheoretical framework for psychospiritual healing and growth

Abstract

Abstract In contemporary, predominantly cognitively oriented society, many lack interoceptive literacy: the ability to recognize the underlying bodily signals of emotions, thoughts, and behavior. Because both clients and therapists are shaped by this societal framework, psychotherapeutic interventions risk remaining at a purely intellectual level, where cognitive restructuring occurs without transforming the deeper physiological processing and response patterns within the body. To bridge this gap between rational meaning-making and embodied regulation, this thesis formulates the transtheoretical framework of integroception. Integroception integrates insights from evolutionary neurobiology (predictive processing), early Buddhist psychology, experiential psychotherapy (Focusing), and psychedelic-assisted therapy into a single comprehensive model. The framework maps the dynamics of embodied change step-by-step through a circular process model (OIRI: Opening, Interoception, Relating, Integration). Neurobiologically, this core process relies on Affective-Interoceptive Perceptual Inference, in which the predictive brain reduces the alarm value of bodily tensions by allowing and restructuring them within the Window of Tolerance. This process moves along two complementary axes: the Deconditioning Axis, which dismantles automatic reactivity and the rigid self-model through equanimous observation of the feeling tone, and the Generative Axis, which induces an active shift in meaning through high-granularity attunement to the felt sense and symbolization. These processes can be physiologically intensified via Pharmacologically Catalyzed Integroception or culminate in Transcendent Integroception. The distinct added value of the integroceptive framework lies in providing a shared neurobiological language and an overarching translational key across previously separate disciplines. The dynamic interplay between deconditioning and generative forces makes it possible to position diverse therapeutic modalities while offering compelling diagnostic pathways for the etiology of psychopathology. Furthermore, the model offers concrete clinical synergies, such as physiologically anchoring Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (I-ACT) or serving as a guiding process model within psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). Thus, this work aims not only to serve as an inspiring source of insight for individuals pursuing psychospiritual growth, but also as a clear guide for clinical and theoretical practice. It provides substantial value for clinicians working within PAT, experiential therapists, mindfulness instructors, and theoretical psychologists striving toward a deeper, embodied understanding of human healing and transformation.