Efficacy and tolerability of ketamine in moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review.
Shayan Eghdami, Mahsa Boroon, Amir-Abbas Keshavarz-Akhlaghi, Mohammadreza Shalbafan
Psychopharmacology August 27, 2026 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-026-07155-z (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Systematic review Randomized Open-label Longitudinal Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 118 |
| Population | Patients with moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| Intervention | Ketamine |
| Dose | 0.5 mg/kg single-dose intravenous |
| Topics | Ketamine Esketamine |
| Keywords | Adverse effects Drug therapy Glutamates N-methyl-d-aspartate Obsessive-compulsive disorder Systematic-review as topic |
| Key findings | Single-dose intravenous ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) yields rapid anti-obsessional response rates of 50-60%, but benefits from monotherapy are typically transient, dissipating within one week. Combining ketamine with exposure and response prevention (ERP) produced sustained remission lasting weeks to months, suggesting a synergistic effect. The authors identified a safety signal of delayed-onset dysphoria and suicidal ideation 24-48 hours post-infusion in a subset of patients. |
Abstract
Approximately 40-60% of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) fail to respond to standard serotonergic and behavioral therapies. This systematic review evaluates the efficacy, durability, and safety of ketamine, a glutamate modulator, for moderate to severe OCD. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched electronic databases through January 2026 for studies treating moderate-to-severe OCD with ketamine. Fifteen studies were included (three RCTs, four open-label trials, and eight case reports), comprising 118 participants. Randomized trials demonstrated that single-dose intravenous ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) yields rapid anti-obsessional response rates of 50-60%. However, benefits from monotherapy were typically transient, often dissipating within one week. Conversely, protocols integrating ketamine with concurrent exposure and response prevention (ERP) reported sustained remission lasting weeks to months, suggesting a synergistic effect. While intravenous and oral routes were effective, intranasal administration faced high refusal rates due to contamination fears. Safety analysis identified a specific signal of delayed-onset dysphoria and suicidal ideation (24-48 hours post-infusion) in a subset of patients, distinct from depression trials. Ketamine may provide positive but short-lived symptom relief for moderate to severe OCD when used as a standalone intervention. Its clinical utility may be greatest when used as a pharmacological adjunct to behavioral therapy, potentially creating a therapeutic window that may facilitate effective ERP. Clinicians should implement extended monitoring for delayed psychiatric adverse events. Further longitudinal and mechanistic studies are warranted to delineate ketamine's optimal dosing parameters, timing, and integration strategies within multimodal OCD treatment frameworks.
Comparable studies
Other systematic reviews and meta-analyses on ketamine, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| The effect of a single dose of intravenous ketamine on suicidal ideation: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis Depressed patients with suicidal ideation at baseline | 2017 | Systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis | n = 167 |
| Ketamine use: a review Ketamine users | 2011 | Systematic review | |
| Ketamine and Other NMDA Antagonists: Early Clinical Trials and Possible Mechanisms in Depression Participants with major depression in placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized... | 2015 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | |
| Ketamine and postoperative pain – a quantitative systematic review of randomised trials Surgical patients from 25 countries | 2004 | Systematic review | n = 2,839 |
| Side-effects associated with ketamine use in depression: a systematic review. Patients with depression | 2018 | Systematic review |
Citations in the library
Cites 9
- Ketamine in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review Harvard Review of Psychiatry March 1, 2022
- Six weeks open-label oral ketamine for patients with treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychopharmacology June 5, 2025
- Ketamine for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: Double-blind active-controlled crossover study. Journal of Psychopharmacology 2025
- Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of ketamine versus ketamine and behavioural activation therapy for adults with treatment-resistant depression in the community. BMJ Open May 1, 2024
- Ketamine Infusion in a Resistant Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patient in Bangladesh with Severe Suicidal Ideation: A Case Report. Cureus April 1, 2024
and 4 more in the library