Why mindfulness matters in musculoskeletal therapies: a narrative review

Chronic stress contributes to the onset and persistence of musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions by affecting twelve physiological systems. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) mitigate these stress effects through improved attention regulation, interoceptive awareness, and reduced catastrophising. The Neuro-Emotional Technique (NET) is highlighted as a practitioner-facilitated hybrid-MBI that targets unresolved emotional stress patterns and aligns with the biopsychosocial model. Contraindications via red and yellow flag considerations are noted, emphasising careful patient selection. The review argues that incorporating MBIs as adjuncts to conventional therapies can support recovery, foster resilience, and advance patient-centred MSK care.

Study at a glance

Abstract

This narrative review explores the integration of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) into musculoskeletal (MSK) care, based on the premise that addressing the mind-body interface can enhance patient outcomes. First, we outline how chronic stress affects twelve physiological systems and contributes to the onset and persistence of MSK conditions. Second, we synthesise evidence showing that MBIs mitigate these stress effects through mechanisms such as improved attention regulation, interoceptive awareness, and reduced catastrophising. Third, we highlight Neuro-Emotional Technique (NET) as a practitioner-facilitated hybrid-MBI exemplar that targets unresolved emotional stress patterns and aligns with the biopsychosocial model of healthcare. We also note contraindications via red and yellow flag considerations, emphasising the importance of careful patient selection and responsible application. Taken together, this review provides a rationale for incorporating MBIs as adjuncts to conventional therapies, supporting recovery, fostering resilience, and advancing patient-centred MSK care.