Beneficial effects of (R)-ketamine, but not its metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, in the depression-like phenotype, inflammatory bone markers, and bone mineral density in a chronic social defeat stress model.
Zhongwei Xiong, Yuko Fujita, Kai Zhang, Yaoyu Pu, Lijia Chang, M. Ma, Jincao Chen, K. Hashimoto
Behavioural Brain Research August 1, 2019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111904 (opens in new tab) via Semantic Scholar
Summary
AI-generated from the abstract(R)-ketamine, but not its final metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), produced rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in mice susceptible to chronic social defeat stress. It also improved elevated plasma levels of the inflammatory bone marker RANKL, restored the reduced OPG/RANKL ratio, and attenuated decreased bone mineral density in these mice. These findings suggest (R)-ketamine may have beneficial effects on both depression-like behavior and bone abnormalities in susceptible mice, indicating it could be a potential therapeutic drug for bone metabolism problems in depressed patients.
Study at a glance
| Characteristics | Preclinical experimental study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Population | Mice susceptible to chronic social defeat stress |
| Interventions | (R)-ketamine (2R 6R)-hydroxynorketamine |
| Keywords | Medicine Psychology |
| Key finding | (R)-ketamine, but not (2R,6R)-HNK, elicited rapid and sustained antidepressant effects and improved inflammatory bone markers and bone mineral density in CSDS susceptible mice. |
Abstract
Inflammatory bone markers may play a role in the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine in susceptible mice after chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). In this study, we compared the effects of (R)-ketamine and its final metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) in depression-like phenotypes, inflammatory bone markers and bone mineral density (BMD) in CSDS susceptible mice. We measured plasma levels of inflammatory bone markers, which included osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), and osteopontin after behavioral tests. (R)-ketamine, but not (2R,6R)-HNK, elicited rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in CSDS susceptible mice. Furthermore, (R)-ketamine, but not (2R,6R)-HNK, significantly improved the increased plasma levels of RANKL and decreased OPG/RANKL ratio in CSDS susceptible mice. Moreover, (R)-ketamine, but not (2R,6R)-HNK, significantly attenuated the decreased BMD in CSDS susceptible mice. These findings demonstrate that (R)-ketamine may have beneficial effects in depression-like phenotype and abnormalities in bone functions of CSDS susceptible mice. It is, therefore, likely that (R)-ketamine would be a potential therapeutic drug for abnormalities in bone metabolism in depressed patients.