Rapid eye movement sleep, non-rapid eye movement sleep, dreams, and hallucinations.

Dreaming occurs during both REM and NREM sleep, not only during REM sleep as long thought. Hallucinatory activity during sleep is normal and increases toward morning, becoming equally present in REM and NREM sleep. In narcolepsy, hypnagogic hallucinations arise from a REM-dissociation state where dream imagery intrudes into wakefulness. Similar mechanisms may contribute to visual hallucinations in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Evidence suggests that both REM and NREM processes, including arousal-related processes, play a role in hallucinations, particularly in delirium tremens and Parkinson's disease.

Study at a glance

Abstract

After the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in 1953, oneiric activity was long thought to be associated uniquely with REM sleep. Subsequent evaluation of sleep in humans combining neurophysiologic, psychophysiologic, and, more recently, functional neuroimaging investigations, has instead shown that dreaming also occurs during non-REM (NREM) sleep. It has been documented that hallucinatory activity during sleep is a normal phenomenon that is not constant throughout the night but increases toward morning when it tends to become present to the same extent in REM and NREM sleep. The role of sleep mechanisms in the generation of visual hallucinations is well-recognized in narcolepsy in the case of hypnagogic hallucinations, which are thought to derive from a REM-dissociation state in which dream imagery intrudes into wakefulness. Similar mechanisms have been hypothesized to play a role in the physiopathogenesis of visual hallucinations in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, a growing body of evidence indicates that not only REM but also NREM processes, such as arousal-related processes, may play a role in the physiopathogenesis of hallucinations in the aforementioned disorders. The role of these processes has been most extensively documented in visual hallucinations occurring in the context of delirium tremens and Parkinson's disease.