Cyberdelics: Virtual reality hallucinations modulate cognitive-affective processes.
Giulia Brizzi, Chiara Pupillo, Clara Rastelli, Antonino Greco, Luca Bernardelli, Anna Flavia Di Natale, Silvia Francesca Maria Pizzoli, Elena Sajno, Fabio Frisone, Daniele Di Lernia, Giuseppe Riva
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience December 1, 2025 DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2025.2499459 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Within-subjects experimental study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 50 |
| Population | Healthy participants |
| Duration | Two 10-minute immersive virtual reality experiences |
| Keywords | Deepdream Psychedelics Artificial intelligence Cognitive flexibility Virtual reality Visual hallucinations |
| Key findings | A hallucinatory visual virtual experience (HVVE) enhanced cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control while reducing heart rate and sympathetic activity, mimicking a relaxed but cognitively enhanced state. |
Abstract
Psychedelics were explored for their potential in the mental health field. However, research was delayed by concerns over short-term side effects and long-term consequences of substance use. Technological advances enabled the development of Hallucinatory Visual Virtual Experiences (HVVEs), namely psychedelic experiences simulations in immersive virtual reality. This study investigated HVVEs' impact on cognitive flexibility, affective response, and autonomic activity. 50 healthy participants underwent assessments of cognitive flexibility, control inhibition, emotional response, and autonomic activity at baseline. Participants were then exposed to two 10-minute immersive virtual reality (IVR) experiences: 'The Secret Garden' and its hallucinated counterpart created using Google DeepDream algorithm. All measures were presented after each video, in addition to the flow experience assessment. Post-HVVE, participants demonstrated enhanced cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. They reported increased flow-absorption and decreased flow-fluency. Both IVR experiences reduced positive affects and state anxiety compared to baseline; additionally, IVR reduced heart rate and sympathetic activity compared to baseline. HVVEs produced psychedelic positive effects on cognitive and emotional functioning. The complex emotional and autonomic profile mimicked awakened relaxation that, in conjunction with the cognitive flexibility enhancement, could offer the unique opportunity to exploit psychedelic advantages while mitigating risks, opening new avenues for therapeutic approaches.