Islamic Neurofeedback: Measurement of Brain Activity in Dhikr Meditation for the Development of the Concept of Self-Regulated Learning

Integrating dhikr (Islamic meditative prayer) with neurofeedback training over four weeks improved self-regulated learning skills in Muslim students aged 18–25. Brain activity showed increased alpha and theta waves and decreased beta and gamma waves during and after dhikr practice. Self-regulated learning scores improved significantly, with large effects on metacognitive ability, self-efficacy, and regulation of effort. Strong positive correlations emerged between increased alpha and theta waves and higher self-regulated learning scores. Qualitative interviews revealed five themes: heightened internal awareness, mental calmness, strengthened spiritual connection, transfer of skills to learning, and the helpful role of neurofeedback visualization. The findings suggest this combined approach may offer an educational model integrating cognitive and spiritual development.

Study at a glance

Abstract

This study explores the integration of dhikr spiritual practices with neurofeedback technology to improve self-regulated learning (SRL) skills in Muslim students. Using a mixed method approach, the study involved 30 Muslim students (aged 18-25 years) who underwent a dhikr intervention with neurofeedback for 4 weeks. Brain activity was measured using a 14-channel EEG device, while SRL ability was measured by the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) through pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The results of EEG analysis showed a significant increase in alpha (8-13 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) waves, as well as a decrease in beta (13-30 Hz) and gamma (>30 Hz) waves during and after the practice of dhikr. MSLQ measurements showed significant improvements in almost all components of SRL, especially metacognitive ability (d=1.07), self-efficacy (d=0.84), and business regulation (d=0.82). Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive association between increased alpha and theta waves and increased SRL scores. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews identified five main themes: increased internal awareness, mental calmness, strengthening of spiritual connections, transfer to learning activities, and the facilitative role of neurofeedback visualization. These findings suggest that the integration of dhikr with neurofeedback has the potential to be an innovative approach to developing SRL abilities while strengthening the religious identity of Muslim students, offering an educational model that integrates cognitive and spiritual aspects.