Abuse of Dextromethorphan, Carbamazepine, and Naphazoline

Abstract

The misuse and abuse of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications pose significant public health concerns. Among these, Dextromethorphan (DXM), Carbamazepine, and Naphazoline have gained attention due to their increasing non-medical use. DXM, a common cough suppressant, is abused for its dissociative and euphoric effects, leading to dependency and severe health risks. Carbamazepine, typically prescribed for epilepsy and bipolar disorder, has also shown potential for abuse due to its euphorigenic properties. Similarly, Naphazoline, an ophthalmic vasoconstrictor, has been reported as a substance of misuse, with users seeking its psychoactive effects. Factors contributing to this trend include the widespread availability, affordability, and perceived safety of these medications. Additionally, the lack of regulation and monitoring in pharmacies exacerbates the issue. This review highlights the patterns, risks, and implications of the abuse of these medications, calling for stricter regulations, increased awareness, and better pharmacovigilance practices. Addressing these concerns requires a multi-faceted approach, including policy changes, improved pharmacist training, and public education on the dangers of OTC and prescription drug abuse.