Non-commutative structures of brain and cognition: quantum and contextual probability as a translational framework

Abstract

Cognitive neuroscience has accumulated robust findings (e.g., order effects in judgment, multi-path motor preparation, perceptual binding, attentional selection, and the recursive construction of self and time) that systematically resist explanation within classical probabilistic and causal frameworks. We argue that these are not anomalies but signatures of a deeper, non-commutative architecture of cognition and brain dynamics. We propose quantum probability theory together with contextual probability theory, not as metaphorical analogies but as rigorous translational languages for cognitive processes in which observation actively transforms underlying state spaces. Underlying this framework is the conjecture that neural network dynamics in the brain are intrinsically organized to generate quantum-like representations—rather than merely being described by quantum mathematics from the outside. Their structural primitives (i.e., superposition, entanglement, projection, and non-commutativity) map onto premotor population coding, long-range cortical synchrony, prefrontal state dynamics, and default-mode network activity. On this basis we sketch a new sub-domain (namely, Cognitive Structural Science) that treats the geometry and algebra of cognitive state spaces as primary explananda, and outline a research program combining homologous human–macaque experiments with quantum-computer simulation as a constrained testbed.