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Biomarkers for complex post-traumatic stress disorder: translational and evolutionary perspectives

Ravi Philip Rajkumar

Frontiers in Psychiatry April 7, 2026 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1786811 (opens in new tab)

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Study at a glance

AI-extracted from the abstract
Characteristics Peer reviewed
Topics Depression PTSD
Keywords Stressor Mood disorders Mental health Triad sociology Psychopathology Borderline personality disorder Personality disorders Clinical psychology Interpersonal communication Mental illness Fight-or-flight response Nosology Substance abuse
Key points Describes PTSD as a chronic mental illness following traumatic stressors, marked by a triad of reexperiencing, avoidance, and increased vigilance. Notes that Judith Herman in 1992 described a variant of PTSD arising in people exposed to prolonged or repeated traumatic stress, such as hostages, prisoners of war, concentration camp survivors, and victims of chronic familial abuse or violence.

Abstract

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic mental illness that occurs following exposure to traumatic stressors such as combat, disasters, or assault. It is characterized by a triad of reexperiencing of the trauma, avoidance of triggers for such recollections, and increased vigilance towards threats (1). In 1992, Judith Herman described a variant of PTSD that occurred in persons who had undergone prolonged or repeated traumatic stress, such as hostages, prisoners of war, concentration camp survivors, or victims of chronic familial abuse or violence.

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