Additively manufactured ready-to-use platform using conductive recycled PLA for ketamine sensing.
Maria M C Souza, Raquel G Rocha, Gilvana P Siqueira, Robert D Crapnell, Eduardo M Richter, Craig E Banks, Rodrigo A A Muñoz
Mikrochimica acta January 9, 2025 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06902-3 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Experimental study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Intervention | mechanical polishing |
| Topics | Esketamine Ketamine |
| Keywords | Beverage samples Circular economy Date rape drug Differential pulse voltammetry Disposable device Drugs of abuse Electrochemical sensor Drug detection 3d printing technology Beverage safety Forensic sensors Electrochemical analysis |
| Citations | 12 |
| Key findings | 3D-printed electrodes from recycled materials outperform commercial ones for detecting ketamine in beverages, achieving a detection limit of 0.7 μmol L-1 and recovery rates of 82–115%. |
Abstract
The use of 3D-printed electrodes is reported fabricated from in-house conductive filament composed of a mixture of recycled poly (lactic acid) (rPLA), graphite (Gpt), and carbon black (CB) for fast detection of the abused drug ketamine. Firstly, the performance of these electrodes was evaluated in comparison to 3D-printed electrodes produced employing a commercially available conductive filament. After a simple pretreatment step (mechanical polishing), the new 3D-printed electrodes presented better performance than the electrodes produced from commercial filament in relation to peak-to-peak separation of the redox probe [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- (130 mV and 759 mV, respectively), charge transfer resistance (Rct = 1.04 ± 0.05 kΩ and 9.62 ± 0.03 kΩ, respectively), and heterogeneous rate constant (k0 = 7.16 ± 0.05 × 10-3 cm s-1 and 3.57 ± 0.03 × 10-3 cm s-1, respectively). Excellent analytical characteristics for the detection of ketamine were achieved, including wide linear range (10 to 250 μmol L-1), excellent sensitivity (0.024 ± 0.001 μA μmol L-1), low limit of detection (LOD = 0.7 μmol L-1), and recovery values from 82 to 115% for beverage samples (white and red wines, beer, water, and vodka) spiked with the abused drug ketamine.