Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms
Jiří Patočka, Ran Wu, Eugenie Nepovimová, Martin Vališ, Wenda Wu, Kamil Kuča
International Journal of Molecular Sciences February 23, 2021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042218 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Review Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Topics | Psilocybin |
| Keywords | Mushroom Agaricales Muscarine Toxicology |
| Citations | 45 |
| Key findings | The review summarizes the chemistry, toxic effects, and mechanisms of major toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin, and psilocin, along with their available toxicity data and potential medical applications. |
Abstract
Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. Inocybe is a large genus of mushrooms and contains toxic substances including muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, lectins and baeocystin. In order to prevent and remedy mushroom poisoning, it is significant to clarify the toxic effects and mechanisms of these bioactive substances. In this review article, we summarize the chemistry, most known toxic effects and mechanisms of major toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin and psilocin. Their available toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) published formerly are also summarized. In addition, the treatment and medical application of these toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms are also discussed. We hope that this review will help understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of Inocybe mushrooms as well as the potential clinical application of its bioactive substances to benefit human beings.
Comparable studies
Other narrative reviews on psilocybin, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function. General population | 2019 | Integrative review | |
| The pharmacology of psilocybin | 2002 | Review | |
| Serotonin research: contributions to understanding psychoses | 2008 | Review | |
| Psychedelics, Meditation, and Self-Consciousness | 2018 | Review | |
| The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the Controlled Substances Act | 2018 | Review |
Citations in the library
Cited by 8
- Indole Alkaloids from Psychoactive Mushrooms: Chemical and Pharmacological Potential as Psychotherapeutic Agents Biomedicines February 5, 2023
- Natural psychedelics in the treatment of depression; a review focusing on neurotransmitters. Fitoterapia September 1, 2023
- Insights into therapeutic potential and practical applications of natural toxins from poisonous mushrooms Human & Experimental Toxicology March 11, 2025
- A Modern Overview of the Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Treatment-Resistant Depression, and End-of-Life Distress Cureus March 17, 2025
- An Examination of Cholinergic Symptoms Produced by the Fly Agaric Mushroom Amanita muscaria (Agaricomycetes): Revisiting the Role of Muscarine. International journal of medicinal mushrooms 2025
and 3 more in the library
Cites 22
- Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance Psychopharmacology July 7, 2006
- Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action Neuroreport December 1, 1998
- Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology December 1, 2011
- The pharmacology of psilocybin Addiction Biology October 1, 2002
- Acute psychological and physiological effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled dose?effect study Psychopharmacology March 1, 2004
and 17 more in the library