Treatment-resistant depression: Established and emerging therapies.
Leesa A McBroom, Melissa Timmons
The Nurse Practitioner December 1, 2024 DOI: 10.1097/01.NPR.0000000000000258 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Review Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Interventions | Electroconvulsive therapy Ketamine Esketamine Transcranial magnetic stimulation |
| Topics | Depression Esketamine Ketamine |
| Keywords | Electroconvulsive therapy Transcranial magnetic stimulation Treatment-resistant depression trd Refractory depression Innovative treatments Antidepressant medications ketamine Psychopharmacology Neuromodulation electro |
| Citations | 3 |
| Key findings | Current and emerging treatments for treatment-resistant depression include electroconvulsive therapy, ketamine, esketamine, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. |
Abstract
In 2023, the percentage of people in the US who experienced depression in their lifetime was at an all-time high of 29%. Depression causes considerable distress and functional impairment affecting quality of life, employment, and interpersonal relationships. Many patients fail to respond to treatment with antidepressants and psychological-behavioral therapy, resulting in a condition known as treatment-resistant depression (TRD). TRD contributes to negative outcomes for patients and increased costs to the healthcare system. Recognizing TRD and understanding TRD interventions are important aspects of practice for clinicians in treating this patient population. This article reviews current and emerging TRD treatments, including electroconvulsive therapy, ketamine, esketamine, and transcranial magnetic stimulation, to inform NP practice.
Comparable studies
Other narrative reviews on esketamine for depression, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Synthesizing the Evidence for Ketamine and Esketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression: An International Expert Opinion on the Available Evidence and Implementation Adults with treatment-resistant depression | 2021 | Review | |
| Long-term safety of ketamine and esketamine in treatment of depression | 2022 | Review | |
| Ketamine, Esketamine, and Arketamine: Their Mechanisms of Action and Applications in the Treatment of Depression and Alleviation of Depressive Symptoms. | 2024 | Review | |
| Variations in BDNF and Their Role in the Neurotrophic Antidepressant Mechanisms of Ketamine and Esketamine: A Review. Patients with depression | 2024 | Narrative review | |
| The Possible Application of Ketamine in the Treatment of Depression in Alzheimer’s Disease | 2022 | Review |
Citations in the library
Cites 5
- Efficacy and Safety of Flexibly Dosed Esketamine Nasal Spray Combined With a Newly Initiated Oral Antidepressant in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Active-Controlled Study American Journal of Psychiatry May 21, 2019
- Management of Treatment-Resistant Depression: Challenges and Strategies Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2020
- Single, Repeated, and Maintenance Ketamine Infusions for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Psychiatry March 29, 2019
- Esketamine for treatment‑resistant depression: A review of clinical evidence (Review). Experimental and therapeutic medicine March 2023
- Esketamine for treatment resistant depression: a trick of smoke and mirrors? Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 2020