Treatment-resistant depression: Established and emerging therapies.
Leesa A McBroom, Melissa Timmons
The Nurse Practitioner December 1, 2024 DOI: 10.1097/01.NPR.0000000000000258 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Review Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Interventions | Electroconvulsive therapy Ketamine Esketamine Transcranial magnetic stimulation |
| Topics | Depression Esketamine Ketamine |
| Keywords | Electroconvulsive therapy Transcranial magnetic stimulation Treatment-resistant depression trd Refractory depression Innovative treatments Antidepressant medications ketamine Psychopharmacology Neuromodulation electro |
| Citations | 3 |
| Key findings | Current and emerging treatments for treatment-resistant depression include electroconvulsive therapy, ketamine, esketamine, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. |
Abstract
In 2023, the percentage of people in the US who experienced depression in their lifetime was at an all-time high of 29%. Depression causes considerable distress and functional impairment affecting quality of life, employment, and interpersonal relationships. Many patients fail to respond to treatment with antidepressants and psychological-behavioral therapy, resulting in a condition known as treatment-resistant depression (TRD). TRD contributes to negative outcomes for patients and increased costs to the healthcare system. Recognizing TRD and understanding TRD interventions are important aspects of practice for clinicians in treating this patient population. This article reviews current and emerging TRD treatments, including electroconvulsive therapy, ketamine, esketamine, and transcranial magnetic stimulation, to inform NP practice.