Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine and ketamine-butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine chemical immobilization in habituated subadult female giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis).
Silke Pfitzer, Liesel L Laubscher, Jacobus P Raath, Aleksandr Semjonov, Etienne P Basson, Lisa L Wolfe, Michael W Miller, Gareth E Zeiler
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia 2025 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2025.04.009 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Quasi-experimental trial Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 10 |
| Population | Habituated subadult female giraffes |
| Interventions | Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM) Ketamine-butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (KBAM) |
| Dose | BAM: 0.02 mL/cm estimated shoulder height; KBAM: 0.015 mL/cm BAM plus 200 mg ketamine |
| Duration | 30 minutes post-recumbency |
| Topics | Esketamine Ketamine |
| Keywords | Kbam Anesthesia-protocols Veterinary-sedation Giraffe-medicine Animal-immobilization |
| Key findings | KBAM produced faster induction than BAM, but both combinations caused clinically significant hypoxaemia in all giraffes. |
Abstract
To describe the effects of butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM) and ketamine-butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (KBAM) used for the chemical immobilization of giraffes. Quasi-experimental trial. A group of 10 habituated subadult female giraffes. Five giraffe were immobilized with BAM (0.02 mL cm-1 estimated shoulder height) and five with KBAM (0.015 mL cm-1 estimated shoulder height BAM and 200 mg ketamine). Time to events were recorded (time to recumbency and recovery time). Physiological variables (heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, invasive arterial blood pressure and peripheral oxyhaemoglobin saturation) were recorded every 5 minutes and arterial blood gas analysis was performed every 10 minutes after instrumentation. Atipamezole (5 mg mg-1 medetomidine administered) and naltrexone (1 mg mg-1 butorphanol administered) were administered intramuscularly at 30 minutes post-recumbency for recovery. Time to events, physiological and arterial blood gas data were compared between drug combinations using a two-sample t-test (significance was p < 0.05). Data are shown as mean ± standard deviations. All giraffes were successfully immobilized. Based on measured shoulder height, the doses administered were 0.70 and 0.48 mg cm-1 for butorphanol, 0.28 and 0.2 mg cm-1 for azaperone and medetomidine in BAM and KBAM, respectively. Times to recumbency were 17.1 ± 9.3 and 6.3 ± 1.1 minutes for BAM and KBAM respectively (p = 0.06). All giraffes had hypoxaemia and hyperlactataemia, with PaO2 values of 52 ± 13 and 41 ± 4 mmHg and lactate values of 14.4 ± 6.1 and 11.0 ± 5.5 mmol L-1 for BAM and KBAM, respectively. Recoveries were calm with minimal ataxia. BAM and KBAM produced reliable chemical immobilization for 30 minutes. The addition of ketamine to the BAM combination is recommended because of its faster induction time. Because of clinically significant hypoxaemia, oxygen supplementation should be administered if these drug combinations are used.
Comparable studies
Other non-randomized and open-label trials on ketamine, most cited first.