Exploring the Effects of Ketofol and Etomidate on Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygenation during Anesthesia Induction in Supratentorial Tumor Patients: A Randomized Double-Blind Study.
Siddharth Chakraborty, Priyanka Gupta, Sharmishtha Pathak, Ashutosh Kaushal, Shivam Shekhar, Aditya R Yadav
Asian journal of neurosurgery June 1, 2025 DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1804530 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Prospective, randomized, double-blind study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 50 |
| Population | Patients aged 18 to 65 years, ASA classes I to II, undergoing elective craniotomy for supratentorial tumors |
| Intervention | Etomidate |
| Duration | First 10 minutes following anesthesia induction |
| Keywords | Craniotomy Etomidate Ketofol Regional cerebral oxygenation Neurosurgery Anesthesia Brain perfusion Cerebral hemodynamics Surgical monitoring |
| Key points | Ketofol provided more stable cerebral hemodynamics, cerebral oxygenation, and systemic parameters compared with etomidate during anesthesia induction in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial tumors. |
Abstract
Objectives: During anesthesia induction, fluctuations in systemic hemodynamic may also alter cerebral hemodynamic, especially in patients with intracranial tumors, as these patients might have impaired cerebral autoregulation. This study compared the effects of ketofol (a mixture of ketamine and propofol) and etomidate on cerebral blood flow, oxygenation, and systemic hemodynamics during anesthesia induction for craniotomy in patients with supratentorial tumors.
Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blind study included 50 patients aged 18 to 65 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classes I to II, undergoing elective craniotomy. Patients were assigned to receive either ketofol or etomidate for induction. Middle cerebral artery (right and left side) mean flow velocity (mFV) and pulsatility index (PI) were measured using transcranial Doppler, and cerebral oxygenation (rSO 2 %) of both hemispheres was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during the first 10 minutes (1, 3, 5, and 10 minutes) following anesthesia induction. Statistics An independent sample " t " test and one-way analysis of variance was used for continuous data. Chi-squared test was used for categorical data. Linear correlation between two continuous variables was explored using Pearson's correlation (normally distributed data) and Spearman's correlation (non-normally distributed data). A p -value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Both groups showed a fall in mFV (cm/s) following induction, with a greater fall in the etomidate group (38.32 ± 2.54 vs. 28.88 ± 3.07; p = 0.001). In the etomidate group, mFV returned to baseline within 3 minutes and rose after laryngoscopy, while it remained below baseline in the ketofol group. rSO 2 decreased immediately postinduction but was better preserved in the ketofol group. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate significantly increased during laryngoscopy in the etomidate group ( p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Ketofol provided more stable cerebral hemodynamics, cerebral oxygenation, and systemic parameters compared with etomidate during anesthesia induction in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial tumors.