Predictive processing theory, which explains perception, action, attention, and learning as all following the principle of minimizing free energy, can unify the scattered findings in contemplative research. This opinion piece introduces the theory's basics, applies it to the Zen meditation practice of shikantaza as a paradigmatic example, and suggests experimental paradigms to test hypotheses derived from this approach, aiming to deepen understanding of meditation-related processes.
A systematic review of 24 studies examined how Mindfulness Meditation (MM) affects mind wandering (MW). Most pre-post intervention studies showed that at least two weeks of MM practice reduced MW and limited its negative effects on cognitive tasks. Cross-sectional studies found that expert meditators reported less MW and showed decreased Default Mode Network activity during meditation and at rest compared to non-meditators. The reviewed studies varied widely in design, outcome measures, and interventions. The authors call for further research to replicate findings and explore how meditation influences the qualitative characteristics of MW.