Calcium channels in anesthesia management: A molecular and clinical review.
Molecular pain 2025 Mostafa Saberian, Afzal Shamsi, Mahdieh Mehrab Mohseni et al.
Calcium channels play an essential role in the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying anesthesia by mediating intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) flux, which regulates key processes such as neurotransmitter release, neuronal excitability, and immune responses. Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and ligand-gated calcium channels (LGCCs) are integral to the anesthetic process, with...