Juan Pablo Berlin Viniegra

Management of Treatment-Resistant Depression: An Updated Narrative Review of Current and Emerging Treatments.

Cureus April 1, 2026 Juan Pablo Berlin Viniegra

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a major clinical challenge in psychiatric practice and affects a substantial proportion of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). It is commonly defined as failure to achieve remission after at least two adequately conducted antidepressant trials. TRD is associated with persistent functional impairment, increased morbidity, reduced quality of...