Bioactivation and Metabolism of Amino Acid MDMA Prodrugs in Zebrafish Embryos, Human Liver S9, Whole Blood, and Microdosed Human Urine
Drug Testing and Analysis March 15, 2026 Simon K. Wellenberg, Lea Wagmann, Matthias D. Kroesen et al.
ABSTRACT 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) remains unapproved for therapeutic use despite the promising results of MDMA‐assisted psychotherapy. There is a need to better understand the safety, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of possible MDMA‐based prodrugs. Like lisdexamfetamine, amino acid prodrugs of MDMA may enable more controlled systemic exposure, but their metabolic activation...