Review on the Comparative Effectiveness of Ketamine and Electroconvulsive Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression
Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry September 29, 2025 Maryam Qayyum, Saud Khan, Abdul Shakoor et al.
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affected nearly 20–30% of individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder and remained a significant therapeutic challenge. The lack of response to traditional antidepressant therapies placed a substantial emotional, functional, and economic burden on patients and healthcare systems. In recent years, ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) emerged...