Bipolar disorder affects approximately 40 million individuals worldwide, with depression being the most prominent phase of the illness. Owing to limited treatment options, bipolar depression remains a major public health concern, often causing significant functional impairment and increased suicide risk. Current therapies frequently lack rapid effectiveness, highlighting the need for novel...
Objective: Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affects one-third of patients with major depressive disorder, leading to increased morbidity, health care costs, and suicide risk. TRD lacks a standardized definition, complicating treatment selection. Current guidelines often group treatments broadly without clear prioritization, and evidence gaps persist, particularly regarding newer...