Ketamine has emerged as a promising rapid-acting antidepressant with distinct advantages for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Its therapeutic effects are mediated through multi-target modulation of the glutamatergic system. Unlike conventional antidepressants, ketamine exerts a markedly faster onset of action; however, its long-term safety profile and potential risk of...
This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the efficacy and safety of various treatment regimens for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) across oral, intravenous, and intranasal routes to inform clinical guidelines. A systematic review identified randomized controlled trials on TRD, with efficacy measured by changes in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). We developed...