Lysergic acid amide (LSA), consumed mainly from Convolvulaceae plant seeds, produces euphoria, hallucinations, nausea, and anxiety. Severe adverse outcomes include psychosis, hypertension, and hospitalization. Some evidence suggests potential therapeutic application for cluster headaches, but variability in dosing and online misinformation heighten risks. The systematic review of 17 human studies concludes that LSA poses significant health risks, exacerbated by a lack of scientific studies, and calls for further research to clarify its pharmacological profile and establish safety guidelines.
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), sold as 'K2', 'K9', or 'Spice', pose greater health risks than cannabis, with higher toxicity and addiction potential unrelated to Δ9-THC. A systematic review of 64 articles (10 original papers and 54 case studies) found that SCs, particularly AB-CHMINACA and MDMB-CHMICA, were linked to deaths, with tachycardia and seizures as the most common toxicity symptoms. Third-generation SCs showed higher prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. SCs may exhibit greater toxicity and longer-lasting effects than THC, especially harmful for people with epilepsy and schizophrenia due to increased risk of psychiatric and neurologic disorders, convulsive crises, consciousness decline, and hemodynamic changes.