Nebulized and intraperitoneal ketamine have equivalent antidepressant-like effect in the forced swim and tail suspension tests in mice.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior November 8, 2023 Aida A.C. Brandão, D. L. S. Deus, L. A. Duarte-Filho et al.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating illness that affects millions of people worldwide. Currently available antidepressants often take weeks to months to reach their full effect, which leads to an increased risk of suicidal behavior in patients with MMD. Intranasally, esketamine has emerged as an alternative to current antidepressants because of its rapid onset and long-lasting...