Learning proximal cyclic sighing buffers anxiety across learning moments and boredom across days
npj Science of Learning July 23, 2026 Peng Wang, Lesya Ganushchak, Camille Welie et al.
Emotions during language learning fluctuate rapidly, but intervention studies often miss when change occurs. In a two-arm randomized ecological momentary trial, 84 university foreign-language learners completed a 20-day protocol comprising 5 baseline, 10 intervention, and 5 post-intervention days, with five assessments per day (6,281 observations). Forty-seven participants completed three daily...