Junayd al-Baghdādī (d. 297/909), one of the prominent figures of early sufism, stands out as among the first sufis to systematically and analytically articulate sufi concepts during the formative period of sufism. His explanation of the experience of tawḥīd (divine unity) within a framework of self-purification (tazkiyat al-nafs), contemplation (tafakkur), annihilation (fanā’), subsistence with...