Fetal neurobehavior and consciousness: a systematic review of 4D ultrasound evidence and ethical challenges.
Journal of perinatal medicine November 25, 2025 Mochammad Besari Adi Pramono, Wiku Andonotopo, Muhammad Adrianes Bachnas et al.
Recent advancements in four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography have enabled detailed observation of fetal behavior in utero, including facial movements, limb gestures, and stimulus responses. These developments have prompted renewed inquiry into whether such behaviors are merely reflexive or represent early signs of integrated neural function. However, the relationship between fetal movement...